Elision & Ellipsis

My last blog post was about apocope, the dropping of one or more sounds at the end of a word. In fact, sounds may be dropped at the beginning of a word (a phenomenon known as apheresis) or in the middle of a word as well. The general term for elimination of sounds is “elision”, also referred to as “syncope”, though the latter term is also used in the special sense of omitting vowels between consonants.

Examples of elision are abundant in fast and informal speech: “gonna” for “going to”, “ain’t” for “are not”, “’im” for “him”, and “cats ‘n dogs” for “cats and dogs”, etc. The pronunciation of a word such as “family”, omitting the second vowel, also illustrates elision. These words are spelled normally in writing (i.e. without the elision) unless one is trying to reflect the dialect or the exact level of informality. For second language learners, elision is a challenging part of listening comprehension, especially when the learners have not had sufficient contact with native speakers.
Omission of one or more redundant words from a sentence is known as ellipsis. Examples of dropped verbs include sentences such as “We did ( )”, while examples of dropped nouns include “There were two ( )”. In a special phenomenon called “answer ellipsis”, omission may be extreme, as in answering a question such as “Who borrowed the book from the library yesterday?” with “Mary” instead of “Mary borrowed the book from the library yesterday.”

Another form of ellipsis can be very useful when you are quoting lengthy texts. In such cases, you would want to skip unnecessary parts of sentences – without changing the meaning. This is done simply by placing three dots between the surrounding words or punctuation marks, as in “We must finish … promptly”. Unlike elision, ellipsis may be used in both formal and informal writing, and the Modern Language Association recommends putting square brackets around the three dots if they are your creation rather than original components of the quoted text.

In informal writing, such as email, some people use ellipsis excessively, replacing other punctuation marks, such as full stops and commas, with it. This is not advisable – nor is it proper grammar of course … unless you are being very liberal with your grammar rules. And what are those last three dots for, you may ask? You’ve guessed it: expression of hesitation or a pause in thought. It is a legitimate use, to be used sparingly. The Chicago Manual of Style distinguishes confident pauses, represented by dashes, from hesitant ones using dots: “Ellipsis points suggest faltering or fragmented speech accompanied by confusion, insecurity, distress, or uncertainty.” Still, Virginia Woolf, a highly successful writer, was an ellipsis enthusiast. In “Phases of Fiction” she points this out clearly: "Better it would be, we feel, to leave a blank or even to outrage our sense of probability than to stuff the crevices with this makeshift substance."

Now it is up to you, the reader, to decide whether and when to use these punctuation choices and omissions … or not.