Carrots and Sticks in Higher Education

Has higher education become all carrot and no stick? Are we so tolerant of what some of our learners produce – or don’t produce – that discipline hardly exists any longer? Have absences become normal after Covid and the global fuel crisis, excused by the fact that we are now living in an abnormal world? Defining what is acceptable and unacceptable has become hard, almost impossible. The lines are blurring between right and wrong, reasonable and unreasonable. Some students appear to take advantage of blended courses in order not to work when activities are online, coming back with various excuses for late or missing work.

I see all carrot an no stick. We seem to be turning a blind eye to outrageous behaviour in order to appear sympathetic and caring. We are urged to be tolerant until our patience is strained. We overlook absences in an effort to project empathy. We use clear rubrics for grading, which, if applied strictly, could fail large numbers of students. How many of us are actually failing the lazy joyriders? The carrot wins.  We even receive e-mails asking us to give certain “struggling” students more time on exams. Some of them don’t seem to be struggling at all; they will use any means to maximise their chances.

The treatment of younger school children has followed similar trends. When corporal punishment was replaced with arduous tasks such as writing the homework ten times, people objected, and detention is now more common instead; yet even that is frowned upon by many who argue that instead of punishing kids one should motivate them instead, as a preventative measure.

While motivation and rewards are important in education, unacceptable behavior needs to be phased out. A study on reward and punishment at Washington University has shown relevant results: “ Reward and Punishment Act as Distinct Factors in Guiding Behavior”. More importantly, punishment has a more decisive role in changing behavior: “Given the well established behavioral effects of rewards and penalties …, one would expect that the larger a reward, the higher the tendency to repeat a choice, and the larger a loss, the higher the avoidance rate. We found that this indeed is the case for rewards …, but strikingly, there is no modulation of the effect by the magnitude of a penalty. A loss drove a uniform avoidance of the choice that led to the loss” (Kubanek, Sneider & Abrams).

Educators need to balance the carrots out with more sticks, especially now, post-Covid.

Post Covid Brain Damage

 

Those of us who have so far been fortunate to escape Covid should be feeling blessed; some survivors have brain damage affecting thought, including language. The effect is more serious than an altered sense of smell that fades with time. Whether you are a student, a teacher or anyone else concerned about their health and general performance at work or in society, make sure you don’t catch the virus. Continue to take precautions. Although the virus itself does not appear to enter the brain, it affects nerves leading to it, blood vessels feeding it, the master gland playing a role in stress, and possibly the immune system, producing toxic substances that can reduce brain function.

Apparently, the “brain fog” associated with Covid is usually temporary, but with some people it drags on for extended periods. Brain scans are showing brain damage, including some overall brain shrinkage, even in asymptomatic or mild Covid cases, not just in cases that were hospitalized. Studies have reported that despite the brain’s plasticity, even young adults who survived mild Covid are struggling 6 to 9 months later with certain cognitive functions such as episodic memory and sustained attention on challenging tasks.

As far back as 2020, the journal Brain had reported on the possibility of severe brain damage in mild cases. The “transient encephalopathy”, including delirium, psychosis, and paralysis emanated from strokes and nervous issues.

In March 2022, the journal Nature reported on a huge study showing brain atrophy and damage in the grey matter of Covid patients. Monitoring is needed to watch how long the damage lasts. Apparently, the part of the brain affected the most plays an important role in emotional behaviour, learning and memory. Students beware, catching Covid may affect your learning, your grades, your future. Avoid it like the plague!

Blogging versus Journalism

Whether to include blogging under a broad umbrella of journalism has been a matter of debate for a long time. While the difference between blogging and journalism is not a matter of black and white, there are clear differences:

• Blogging is meant to be personal and highly opinionated, unlike journalism, which is expected to be fact-based, establishing the five Ws (Who, What, Where, When, and Why) early in the text. While blog readers appreciate facts, they tend to seek blogs for personal stories and opinions. An exception may be corporate blogs which are designed to be less personal than individual ones.
• Both bloggers and journalists are open to feedback. However, feedback on blogs may be faster, in the form of comments appearing publicly online; feedback on journalistic writing usually goes through editorial teams and may or may not be shared with the public. Journalistic writing tends not to be conversational in the same way that blogging can be.
•  Journalists are often bound by deadlines. They are restricted, working under tight schedules to produce writing while news is fresh. Personal bloggers, on the other hand, can often choose their own time frames; while they enjoy posting timely information, they are not under the same pressure as journalists. In this sense, they are free. Ironically, bloggers can be faster than journalists sometimes, publishing content in seconds if they so wish; their writing is meant to be self-checked rather than going through editors first, which may waste time.
• While news pieces can become stale quickly, sometimes in a matter of days, blog posts can remain relevant for longer.
• News audiences are often much broader. Most personal blogs tend to cater to narrower audiences.
•  Regarding platforms, journalists can experience greater variety, including print media, radio, and television, not just online.
• In terms of word counts, news pieces tend to abide by their publications’ as well as the broader industry’s guidelines; there are specific word limits. For personal blogs, there is no minimum or maximum number of words. The sky is the limit!

It may be argued that without journalists, bloggers would have nothing to write about. I would disagree here as bloggers do not depend on others’ writing (though they avail themselves of it) to create their own. Much of what they write can be based on their own experiences in their immediate environments.

What about fake blogs, you may ask? Of course, there is a danger that fake personas may deceive blog readers, but journalistic news can be fake too. Readers should always be on the alert for fake stories everywhere, whether online or in any other form. 

Return to Normal or to Ignorance?

The title of AUB’s latest international conference on effective teaching and learning was “Negotiating New Norms of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education”. There is clearly a sense that new norms are needed, with varying points of view. A Times Higher Education article entitled “Returning to Normal is Really a Return to Ignorance” illustrates this by emphasizing how online teaching and learning helped non-traditional faculty members like the author Torrey Trust succeed. The example here was of people with physical disabilities or fragile health, whether teaching staff or learners.

In the second half of 2021, educational institutions worldwide were celebrating the gradual return to the campus. In-person learning, after all, was a top priority for most academic institutions. People were craving for the “true college experience” as if online teaching and learning were fake. An adjustment period was of course needed for those who had gotten used to teaching online, like drug addicts in need of rehabilitation. The flexibility of the past years was going to be taken away – the drug withdrawn. Rightly, students were looking forward to the resumption of athletics, student organizations, cultural events, and access to physical resources such as libraries, as well as campus housing. Yet many of us were aware that the “new normal” would not be a replica of the old. Colorado State University’s vice president for student affairs Blanche Hughes told the students, “Sorry, no, returning students, it may not look exactly like it looked two years ago, but we can co-create this experience together to still make it meaningful.”

As reported by George Veletsianos, Professor and Canada Research Chair in Innovative Learning and Technology at Royal Roads University, a Canadian study including surveys of faculty members and students in North American institutions of higher learning showed that both teaching staff and students were in fact hoping for better times, not wishing for “a return to normal”. What they wanted carried forward were teaching and learning innovation, increased support, flexibility, and focus on equity. Marcia Devlin, a globally recognised expert in education, urges movement beyond the old criteria of effective teaching and learning (dating back to 2010), raising awareness of their insufficiency after Covid. Those criteria were summarised as follows: broadening participation and promoting greater student diversity; promoting standards for accountability; greater transnational education; digital transformation and data analytics; changing assessment philosophy and practice; work-integrated learning; students as partners; encouraging collaborative teaching; and applying new pedagogies that leverage digital technologies. Part of what was missing was emphasis on resilience to added layers of chaos and ambiguity, such as those engendered by the pandemic (Devlin and Samarawickrema). Steven Mintz, a professor of history in Texas, has blogged about this subject in “Let’s Not Return to the Old Normal”; instead of seeing the pandemic in a completely negative light, everyone should use it as a learning experience that has raised people’s awareness of the options available, leading to reforms.

Being back on campus should not mean thinking or behaving like people did many years ago. Change can be stupefying, but if it’s for the public good, whether in education or any other sphere, it must be given a chance.

New Avenues of Learning

 The World Economic Forum recently published an article on “Universities After Covid”, by  Kyungmee Lee, a Senior Lecturer in Technology Enhanced Learning at Lancaster University. The article is relevant to teachers and students alike, the main idea being that face-to-face university teaching can be improved through insights gleaned during the global pandemic. Here is a summary of the most relevant points:

• Online learning during the pandemic was flexible, inclusive and compassionate; this is what all educational frameworks should be like from now on.

• The digital learning support systems that were set up during the pandemic should remain in place as lecturers should be encouraged to be creative in the way they design and deliver their courses.

• The solidarity and sympathy that was engendered between students and teachers during the global crisis should be appreciated and maintained, whether online or face to face.

• Some of the small-scale online activities that were used to replace long lectures, enhancing student focus and engagement, would work well if integrated into the curriculum.

• Blended learning should become more widespread; certain parts of lessons or modules could be moved online for greater flexibility.

• Heightened sensitivity towards digital and educational inequality must be maintained after the pandemic.

• Online accessibility removes physical barriers that can hamper learning for some.

It is hard to disagree with any of this, really. The lessons learned from the trauma of the pandemic should be cherished by universities rather than forgotten. We have come to understand, for example, that when students say they want face-to-face lectures, what they mean is this, as elegantly expressed by Sheffield Hallam’s vice chancellor: “…it’s not that they want to have lectures, they want to go for coffee with their mates after it and talk about it. They want to engage. So what you really need to do is say, how do you most effectively use your campus to stimulate engagement?”(as cited in Weale & Adams, 2021). A good question in need of reflection.

Blends and Hybrids Everywhere

Those who hadn’t heard of hybrid or blended teaching ended up hearing about them during the past year or two. While the two terms were often used synonymously prior to the pandemic, lately they seem to have developed divergent meanings: blended learning for that taking place partly online and partly face to face for the same individuals, and hybrid learning for classes that are taught mainly face to face while allowing remote attendance for those that cannot be there physically.

Blends are in fact everywhere around us, as illustrated in the words we use. We are constantly creating words through lexical blends (also referred to as portmanteau words). Blog is a blend of web and log; Spanglish, Spanish and English; maglev, magnetic and levitation, and technocrat, technology aristocrat.

Lexical blends also appear in words for everyday things, such as food, drink, and clothes. Here are a few: flexitarian (flexible vegetarian); mocktail (mock cocktail) and jeggings (jeans leggings).

Lately, some blends relating to animal crossbreeds have caught my attention. I thought I would share some of these in the hope that even those who are not animal enthusiasts would be entertained or at least enlightened. Note that not all of these terms have entered the dictionaries – only a few.

Cama: a cross between a camel and a llama

Coywolf: coyote and wolf

Geep or Shoat:  crossbreeds between goats and sheep (rare and usually stillborn due to genetic distance)

Jagleon: jaguar and lion

Leopon: leopard and lion

Liger and Tigon: crossbreeds between lions and tigers. In the first case, the father is a lion, while in the second case, the father is a tiger.

Wholphin: whale and dolphin

Zonkey: zebra and donkey

Zorse: zebra and horse

Finally, some of the newest word blends around these days relate to Covid: Covax and covidiot. Earlier, we saw plandemic, which does not seem to have survived very well.

What new blends will 2022 bring? Let’s watch and see.

 

Word of the Year 2021

While the 2020 dictionary words of the year revolved around the problem of Covid-19, including pandemic, lockdown, superspreader, and quarantine, the 2021 words of the year are more focused on the solution, vaccination, at least in some dictionaries, while others are unrelated to the subject.

The Merriam Webster top lookup was vaccine. Similarly, the Oxford Dictionary’s highest scorer was vax, looked up 72 times more often than in the preceding year, having been used in expressions such as vax sites, vax cards, getting vaxxed, and so on. Other vaccination related expressions cited by Oxford include shot, jab (Scottish jag) and new blends such as inoculati, halfcinated, fullcinated, vaxinista, in more than one sense, and vaxdar (after gaydar, from radar). A humorous new coinage, vaxxie (a selfie taken while being vaccinated) is also cited by Oxford.

The Cambridge Dictionary, which is a learners’ dictionary, cited perseverance as its top look up. According to the dictionary’s publishing manager, there was a spike in lookups for the word in February after NASA’s Perseverance Rover landed on Mars, and some look ups could have been linked to Covid: “Just as it takes perseverance to land a rover on Mars, it takes perseverance to face the challenges and disruption to our lives from Covid-19, climate disasters, political instability and conflict” (Nichols).

Other Dictionaries have cited completely different words as their word of the year. Collins’ top ten include three Covid related terms (double-vaxxed, pingdemic – related to the tracing app- and hybrid working), and three technology related terms, of which NFT comes first (non-fungible token, a digital identifier). Metaverse and crypto are the other two on that list.

Dictionary.com chose allyship, a new entry in that dictionary, as the word of the year because of the way it was linked to people’s everyday lives during the hardships of the past year. Though not new in the language, its use had been rising steadily since 2011, peaking in the last two years.

Here is the definition of the term in its latest, most widely used sense:

allyship (noun): the status or role of a person who advocates and actively works for the inclusion of a marginalized or politicized group in all areas of society, not as a member of that group but in solidarity with its struggle and point of view and under its leadership.

An interesting definition, though "under its leadership" may be questionable.

While the dictionary editors distinguish real allyship from performative allyship, which may be temporary or superficial, they state that the term summarises the work of their lexicographers this past year while updating their dictionary. They were aiming to better reflect the evolving language of identity and social justice. For example, they have focused on terms relating to disability, accessibility (as in screen reader and alt text), homelessness, minoritized religions, and non-native speakers (e.g. translanguaging replacing code-switching).

Happy new words for a better, happier world hopefully. Allyship, I would say, is the most important concept of all for Lebanon these days, whether internal or external.

Post-Pandemic Teaching & Learning

 If you google teaching post Covid, you will probably find more articles dated 2020 than 2021. A year ago, teachers and administrators were planning for after the pandemic, thinking it would be soon. A year later, the pandemic is still with us. With widespread vaccination, however, most people are back in class. In that sense only, teaching is now “post-pandemic”. To some people, this means a return to the old ways after unwanted disruptions. To others, as expressed by Zhaou and Walterson in the Journal of Educational Change, “the pandemic has created a unique opportunity for educational changes that have been proposed before COVID-19 but were never fully realized.” Important among these in the authors’ view are personalized education, practical student-centred teaching, and blending synchronous with asynchronous learning.

One can hardly disagree with Zhaou and Walterson that educators should use this “crisis-driven opportunity” to transform education, not just in terms of what we teach and how, but also where and when we teach. Flexibility is key. On a global scale, it is clear that there is a need for more investment in technology, according to the UN: in some parts of the world, education shifted to radio, television, or traditional snail mail during the pandemic, emphasizing the digital divide. This digital divide (better seen as a spectrum) is evident even where computers and the internet are available. Differences will always exist, but narrowing the gap is important. Even in advanced countries, like the U.K., the long-term vision seems to show investment swaying away from campuses into the cloud as reported by Weale and Adams in The Guardian newspaper this summer: while universities acknowledge that some students felt “short-changed” by the sudden shift online, the general atmosphere signals a revolution in education, or at least clear evolution. The authors add that Covid has been a catalyst in giving the universities global reach, along with a big push online. One Vice Chancellor is cited as saying, “What we are experimenting with now are things like virtual reality and augmented reality for students, particularly in healthcare and nursing. We were going down this route anyway, but Covid has been a big catalyst.”

Interestingly, while students all over the world have complained of boring online lectures, whether recorded or live, there has been less fuss among learners, it seems, over the alternative assessment methods used: open book tests, take home exams, projects, and so on, replacing traditional face-to-face exams. Greater emphasis on formative assessment, as in ungraded self-tests, peer reviews, and other low-stakes activities seems here to stay. Students should have cause to celebrate this change – something to look forward to as 2022 approaches. If you disagree, let me know by posting a comment.

Redefining Teachers' Roles

Unsurprisingly, the unusual circumstances of the pandemic have brought to light the need to appreciate the efforts of essential workers such as health care workers and teachers. As expressed in a 2020 UNESCO report, “Education in a Post Covid World: Nine Ideas for Public Action”, “Throughout this crisis many societies have begun to acknowledge the importance of a set of workers who have not always been properly appreciated. We have seen health care professionals appropriately recognized as frontline responders who place themselves at great risk for the good of all.… In many settings this has also been accompanied by an appreciation of the labour of teachers, particularly of their professional expertise and commitment.” The report brings to light how parents tracking their children’s learning at home have been sensitized to the complexity of teachers’ work.

Although some aspects of online teaching may not have worked perfectly, future teaching can take what did work, such as formative assessment and interaction by video or online teams, whether synchronous or not, and blend it with the best of what we had prior to the disruptions. The same UNESCO report praises teachers for going beyond the call of duty during the pandemic, creatively adapting to the situation. It rightly advocates that the spirit of exploration and experimentation “unleashed” during the pandemic should continue.

We have been compelled to redefine teaching and assessment. Teachers may become jugglers of face-to-face, blended, and “hybrid” teaching, to accommodate the circumstances of their institutions and their students. While you may teach in a physical classroom, some of your students may be online, hence the growing distinction between “blended” and “hybrid” teaching – terms that were used synonymously in the past. While blended teaching involves elements that are face to face complemented by elements that are online, one emerging definition of “hybrid” centers on the students – some being in class/ others being online.

 “Going to school” will never be the same again.

Blogging During the Pandemic - Blogging Insights

Those of us who have kept our blogs going during the Covid-19 pandemic must be wondering how this pandemic has affected other bloggers. One blogger, Dr. Tanya, has created a set of questions for bloggers to share ideas around (# blogginginsights):

1.How has the Coronavirus/COVID-19 pandemic affected your blogging? Are you posting more or less than you used to?

I would say, I am blogging at the same rate as before the pandemic, sporadically, several times a year. Still busy with teaching and everyday life matters, the pandemic has not stopped me from blogging or depressed me to a level of complete mental block; nor has it particularly energized my writing.

2.What is the tone of your posts these days, happy, sad, serious, worried?

My posts are still serious and generally cheerful (or so I believe). My readers can judge better. There has been no occasion to be particularly sad or worried about teaching though events have definitely taken a sad, worrying turn generally in Lebanon over the past couple of years.

3.Have you written any posts specifically about the crisis and its effect on your life? If so, please share a link?

Yes, most of my posts have related to the pandemic ever since it started:

• Craving Real Learning? April 2021
• From Pandemic to Infodemic February 2021
• Is Online Learning “Virtual” or Real? December 2020
• Word of the Year 2020 December 2020
• Brave New World of Online Teaching October 2020
• Corona Times: War or Journey? May 2020
• A Virus Gone Truly Viral April 2020

4.What kinds of posts do you like to read these days?

I enjoy reading what others have to say about living in these special times: mainly teachers coping with distance teaching and learning - sharing experiences and tips; administrators commenting on the situation, and so on.

Craving Real Learning?

 

What is a university? A set of buildings and grounds, or an opportunity to gain knowledge and skills, and share widely?

Judging from my students’ comments about their online learning experience in the pandemic, the majority cannot wait to be back on campus. Some have never even seen the university and want to see it as soon as possible. While eager to engage online in a multitude of ways, they crave physical interaction and university social life generally. They are starry-eyed about the prospect of getting back to “normal”. In the past fall semester, only a quarter of my students felt their online learning was “real” as opposed to virtual – and in the spring semester, even fewer did. Will these same students yearn for the flexibility of the online environment once back in class, one wonders? Will some even demand online sections of their own? It is hard to tell at the moment, but what is clear is that higher education will not be the same after Covid-19.

A Vice Dean at a Moroccan university, Dr Jamal Eddine Benhayoun, has rightly noted, “There is no better time for rethinking the idea and future of higher education than today, as the world seems to have realised that universities matter the most not as buildings but as global networks for the production and exchange of skills and ideas.” Going beyond that, he coined the term NGU – New Global University – for a vision of the best institutions of higher education merging online, regardless of place and culture, allowing open access to high quality learning across the world.

AUB is also changing. As with many other institutions of higher education, learning at AUB will still generally center around face-to-face interaction in the short term, but it will gradually allow for more online opportunities with time. Perhaps people are realizing that, for example, learning to construct a building may be more important than which building you happen to be in at the time.

Lebanon: Weathering the Storm

Visitors to Lebanon tend to wonder why the country is in a chronic and growing mess despite the high level of education in the country – and the large proportion of people with advanced degrees. Is it just “corruption” that is causing the retardation, or is it something deeper? Let us try to define a proper education.

The UNESCO International Commission on Education for the 21st century has identified four pillars of learning:

1. Learning to know (acquiring relevant knowledge)

2. Learning to do (preparing to contribute to economic development)

3. Learning to be (developing personality/ individual self-reliance)

4. Learning to live together (promoting social harmony)

Education in Lebanon has traditionally been very strong on knowledge - perhaps too strong in the sense of emphasizing memorization and cramming rather than true comprehension, analytical and critical thinking. Could it be that practical knowledge, personality development, and a sense of community have not been accorded enough attention, compared with theoretical knowledge? Possibly, at least in the distant past – and such matters take time to change. Even though there may be greater awareness now of the importance of self-reliance, we still see passiveness, attitudes of dependency, and a waiting for Godot tendency rather than concerted efforts for change. The generations that lacked the important skills are still in power, steering a heavy ship in the middle of a stormy, polluted sea. 

With the Covid-19 pandemic impacting education, UNESCO has recently recognised the importance of resilience as a component of learning, resilience being the ability to succeed despite serious threats. Therefore, resilience may be added to the four pillars of learning soon, as mentioned by two bloggers at UNESCO’s International Portal for Educational Planning (“21st Century Skills in the Time of Covid”). The Lebanese will certainly need resilience to weather the current storm.

From Pandemic to Infodemic

 

The term infodemic ( a blend of information and epidemic) is not very new. However, it has become popular lately, with the spread of Covid-19 related news. The Cambridge dictionary has incorporated it.

The Merriam-Webster editors commented last spring that they were “watching” this word although it had not yet entered their dictionary. In fact, almost a year later, a search for it in Merriam-Webster still produces no result. Where it is discussed, here is how they define it: “a rapid and far-reaching spread of both accurate and inaccurate information about something, such as a disease. As facts, rumors, and fears mix and disperse, it becomes difficult to learn essential information about an issue” (“Words We’re Watching: Infodemic”).

According to Merriam-Webster, the term was coined by Washington Post journalist David Rothkopf in relation to SARS back in 2003:

What exactly do I mean by the "infodemic"? A few facts, mixed with fear, speculation and rumor, amplified and relayed swiftly worldwide by modern information technologies, have affected national and international economies, politics and even security in ways that are utterly disproportionate with the root realities. It is a phenomenon we have seen with greater frequency in recent years—not only in our reaction to SARS, for example, but also in our response to terrorism and even to relatively minor occurrences such as shark sightings.
David Rothkopf, The Washington Post, 11 May 2003

Last spring, the World Health Organization warned about misinformation and disinformation surrounding Covid-19 in “Let’s Flatten the Infodemic Curve”. The site encourages information literacy, from checking sources, authors, and dates, to examining evidence and biases. More recently, The Guardian newspaper published an opinion piece by Oxford Professor Melinda Mills entitled “We Must Prevent a Vaccine 'Infodemic' from Fuelling the Covid Pandemic”. Mills fears that researchers’ work on the vaccines will be wasted if anti-vaccination campaigners’ misinformation is not counteracted using effective communication with the public, including local dialogue rather than one-way information-heavy communications.

Similarly, the World Economic Forum is concerned: “There's No Vaccine for the Infodemic - So How Can We Combat the Virus of Misinformation?”. Information literacy is the key, as opposed to – for example - “plandemic” conspiracy theories.

Is Online Learning “Virtual” or Real?

The term VLE (virtual learning environment) has been with us since at least the 1990s. Back then, academic institutions in the U.S. and the U.K. started using not only e-mail but also “distributed learning environments” such as course web sites for teaching. AUB began using a course management system called WebCT twenty years ago, later moving to Moodle. Until recently, these VLEs were considered complementary to classroom teaching and learning at best, more often merely supplementary, or extra. Most teachers (and their students) could easily do without them. Currently, however, with physical distancing measures due to COVID-19, most education is taking place online. Should VLEs therefore continue to be considered “virtual”? Shouldn’t we consider a new name for them perhaps?

If we consider synonyms (or near synonyms) for VLEs, we will come across the following:

• CBI (Computer Based Instruction)
• CMC (Computer Mediated Communication)
• CMS (Content Management System)
• Distance Learning/ Remote Learning
• E-Learning
• LCMS (Learning Content Management System)
• LMS (Learning Management System)
• LP (Learning Platform)
• MLE (Managed Learning Environment)
• OLC (Online Learning Centre)

Of course, there are multiple ways for teachers to use VLEs; for example, focusing on one platform, such as the institutional Moodle or Blackboard, or integrating several platforms for one course. An example would be using Zoom or Webex along with one of these course management systems. Going as far as allowing Facebook or Whatsapp as supplements may be considered extraneous or peripheral, and probably unofficial by the institutions hosting the courses. Still, this has become part of many students’ lives, along with their teachers'. In fact, some educators may dislike using their institutions’ central VLE, finding it restrictive, opting for “loosely coupled teaching” as noted by Martin Weller back in 2007 in “The VLE/LMS is Dead”. 

This is all real life for large numbers of students and educators these days, day in, day out. Should it continue to be referred to as “virtual” teaching and learning? Give it a thought and let me know what you think. It is a bit like wondering whether the novel coronavirus should continue to be referred to as “novel” indefinitely.

Word of the Year 2020

 

Unsurprisingly, the Merriam-Webster word of the year is pandemic, a word defining this era, as the dictionary editors put it. It earned this status not only due to an extreme number of lookups, but also based on increasing lookups year after year. There was a peak of interest in it in February 2020, after which there was no decline. By March 11, when the WHO confirmed that COVID-19 was a pandemic, searches had multiplied by over 115,000% compared with March 2019. The Greek origins of the word may be of interest: pan, meaning all, and demic, relating to demos, people. As one would expect, coronavirus was next on the list of Merriam-Webster, having multiplied more than 162,000% in the past year.

The Oxford English Dictionary could not settle on just one word of the year this time, publishing a report entitled “Words of an Unprecedented Year”. These include, besides terms such as coronavirus, COVID-19, lockdown, superspreader and social distancing, entries such as bushfire (mainly relating to Australia); impeachment and acquittal (mostly surrounding Donald Trump), and black lives matter, which spiked after the recent killing of African Americans.

Here are the words of the year of some other dictionaries:

Collins: lockdown

Dictionary.com: pandemic

Cambridge: quarantine, which – according to the editors – has gained a slightly new sense, synonymous with lockdown.

Let’s hope that, with the vaccine around the corner, the 2021 words of the year will revolve around vaccination, recovery, and brighter prospects for the world.

Brave New World of Online Teaching

                                                                                                                     

This is the first academic year at AUB that has started completely online. Teaching online allows one some freedom, but is it fun teaching in semi self-isolation because of widespread corona measures? Isolation can help you focus on your work as a teacher, promoting productivity, but that is where the fun ends. You would hope that your students, too, are not going out too much or being distracted otherwise, but you feel sorry for them, just as you do for yourself. Often you can sense from their work that they do actually have time to read and write, possibly more than they did before corona. The quality of their work is not too bad either. 

Every week, I try to include at least one synchronous session, where we are together in class for a lecture, or for discussion or student presentations, just like in a face-to-face university classroom. Lecture summaries and recordings are made available for those who cannot be with us live, whether due to technical reasons or because of a time difference - a number of students may be currently living in a different time zone. The rest of the sessions are asynchronous, involving active learning on the part of the students, either individually or in teams, with flexible deadlines. Not everything is graded; there is practice work and self-assessment where students get credit for trying rather than for how much they score. Plus, learners are never entirely on their own. They may contact me live or by email whenever they need to talk or ask questions.

There are some weird aspects to teaching online though. You feel let down when a student admits his aunt searched the web for him, for example. You feel alarmed the first time you hear someone doing dishes in the background while you converse with a student. A bit like parents walking into your classroom with pots and pans. Your whole course is out there for families and friends to see. They can hear your voice, see you, and watch your every move in the course. It can feel creepy, but you get used to it, just as everyone is getting used to living with this virus.

There are amusing incidents too. The other day, a young child took over a pupil’s microphone while she was out of the room. Having unmuted the microphone, the little girl addressed the class, almost hijacking the lesson. At first, we wondered whether it was a hacker, but it turned out to be a child playing. We smiled and continued with the lesson. This is what this virus has done to our lives – to teaching and learning. Yet, life goes on. More later.

Corona Times: War or Journey?

Among the figures of speech used for responses to corona are the usual war ones often borrowed in medicine from the military, as in Trump’s “war against the invisible enemy” and Raab’s “fighter” (in reference to Boris Johnson when the latter was in hospital). Michael Skapinker recently commented in The Financial Times that the journey metaphors in use in the UK are better as they remove blame from the victim who may be seen as not having fought well enough to “defeat” the virus. Skapinker notes that war metaphors for illness have been criticised for decades: in 1978, the American writer Susan Sontag had warned that the battle approach could “assign to the ill the ultimate responsibility both for falling ill and for getting well”. Skapinker refers to the observation by Nottingham Professor Brigitte Nerlich that UK ministers are starting to use journey metaphors, implying cooperation, as in going “the extra mile”, “keep going”, and moving “beyond the peak”. Still, he notes that King’s College language specialist Tony Thorne believes that battle metaphors must not be disposed of altogether due to the need for national mobilization.

On this subject, Patrick Cox of The World radio program interviewed Seema Yasmin, who teaches medicine and journalism at Stanford University. According to Yasmin, war metaphors have been used in epidemics since at least the 1600s when Thomas Sydenham, a British physician, declared, “I attack the enemy within. A murderous array of disease has to be fought against, and the battle is not a battle for the sluggard.” Subsequently, Louis Pasteur spoke of “invading armies that lay siege to our bodies.” Then in the 1920s, cancer cells were referred to as anarchists or Bolsheviks, after which Richard Nixon waged his own “war on cancer” by signing the National Cancer Act of 1971.

Ian Buruma of The New York Times warns that there’s a long history of illness being used to inflame hatred and that we mustn’t let this happen with corona by calling it a “Chinese virus” or a “foreign virus”: “Nationalism should have no place in medical discourse. And medical language should never be applied to politics. Coronavirus isn’t Chinese or foreign; it is global. Blaming alien forces, whether in the name of God, or science or simple prejudice, is bound to make things a great deal worse.”

A Virus Gone Truly Viral!

When news spreads like wildfire on social media, we say it has gone viral. How many of us had ever reflected on the origin of the adjective “viral”: well now there’s no doubt about it since Covid-19 has illustrated the phenomenon perfectly to the world. One can already envision "Word of the Year 2020" in most dictionaries: corona, ventilator, epidemic, pandemic, PPE, self-isolation, social distancing, etcetera, etcetera! Words galore: Heaven for many English teachers and Hell for the majority on this planet!

One can envision google searches such as epidemic versus pandemic and social distancing versus physical distancing.  Actually, the latter distinction is worth some reflection. When the World Health Organization adopted physical rather than social as the adjective, many - including psychologists and sociologists -  lauded the decision, affirming the fact that while physical distance was "absolutely essential" during the global pandemic, "it does not mean that socially we have to disconnect from our loved ones, from our family."

WHO epidemiologist Maria Van Kerkhove said on March 20, "Technology, right now, has advanced so greatly that we can keep connected in many ways without actually physically being in the same room or physically being in the same space with people," adding, "We're changing to say physical distance and that's on purpose because we want people to still remain connected." 

London School of Economics social psychologist Martin Bauer had rightly questioned the “unfortunate” phrasing from the start, pointing out in an interview with Al Jazeera that the WHO terminology change had been overdue when it happened in late March; the phrasing error should not have been allowed to happen: "In these strange times of the virus, we want clear physical distance (minimum two metres), but at the same time, we want people to remain close to each other 'socially'."

The next time you listen to television news, try to observe which of the above expressions is used. At the time of writing this blog post, many channels are still using the older terminology. Perhaps they take it for granted that people understand – or perhaps they don’t consider that changing a word here and there will really make a difference. I wonder what my readers think. For example, do students feel socially dispersed or disconnected when they are physically remote from their teacher and classmates, or do they still feel united by common learning objectives and common online work areas and discussion forums? I look forward to hearing your views.

Word of the Year 2019

The dictionary words of the year 2018 included many that were environment related, whether as top scoring words or runners up. This past year, the scenario has not changed; rather, there appears to be even more concern with the environment.

The Oxford Word of the Year is climate emergency. According to the dictionary’s editors, the term was used a hundred times more frequently in 2019 than in the previous year. The Cambridge Word of the Year, chosen because it was the most popular Word of the Day once, is upcycling, meaning “the activity of making new furniture, objects, etc. out of old or used things or waste material”. According to the Cambridge Dictionary blog, while reversing climate change, or even stopping its progression, appears difficult, upcycling is a concrete step towards that which could be taken individually. Lookups of the word have risen 181% since 2011, when it was introduced into the dictionary. Other terms on the Cambridge shortlist for 2019 also reflect environmental concerns: carbon sink, compostable, and preservation. A new addition is plastic footprint, meaning the amount of plastic wasted rather than recycled, hence damaging the environment. Dictionary.com’s Word of the Year is existential, also due to frequent lookups. Among other things, the term has been used in relation to climate change as an “existential crisis” and an “existential emergency”. The Collins Dictionary’s Word of the Year is “climate strike”, first registered in 2015; lexicographers noted a one-hundred-fold increase in its lookups in 2019.

On a different note, the Merriam-Webster Word of the Year is they in its relatively new non-binary sense. The new sense entered the Webster Dictionary in September 2019 due to increased lookups, and the American Psychological Association blog endorsed the use of the pronoun in October in a post entitled “Welcome Singular They”. The use is now officially accepted in academic writing after gender experts updated the APA’s bias free language guidelines. “They” may be used as a generic pronoun to replace “he or she” or to refer to individuals who prefer not to be referred to as either.

Thou Shalt Not Bore Thy Readers

It is always good to blog out of the blue, spontaneously, even verging on “stream of consciousness”, letting your thoughts flow on the page. Better still is writing in response to the writing of others, such as colleagues; or in response to others’ concerns. That way you may abide by the commandment “Thou shalt not bore thy readers.” Today, I would like to reflect on blog entries by colleagues of mine, fellow composition instructors at the American University of Beirut.

Two of my colleagues have recently written on the subject of ghost writing. Having reflected on the subject myself in the past, their postings grabbed my attention. One of them mentioned that public figures set a bad example by using ghost writers while behaving as if this were normal practice. She reminded us that it happens at both the undergraduate level and the Master’s and PhD thesis levels. Then she compared cheating in writing to cheating in relationships: when trust is shaken, that undermines the student-teacher relationship, discouraging teachers. It creates a “disconnect with students” and, in her words, is “why we hate going to work, or not love it”.

My other colleague took photographs of advertisements posted on both roadside billboards and less obvious university walls. Ghost writers are not ashamed to advertise publicly while working in the shadows and claiming no credit for their writing. She wondered what drove students to avail themselves of their services. Was it the economy, the job situation, or desensitization to corruption; a combination of these factors; or some other mysterious reason?

Today as I write, students are protesting the economy and the corruption of leaders. Let us hope they return to their classrooms soon and remember that all forms of corruption are to be frowned upon, not merely that of the leaders they are accusing in their demonstrations. It is wise to look closer to home as well.

Guest Bloggers Invited

Inviting guest bloggers with similar interests can add diversity to one’s blog. Guest postings are useful for both the host and the guest. Additionally, they could break the monotony for the audience.

If you would like your writing to be hosted on this blog, please get in touch. Submit a brief biography along with your topic proposal. Whether you prefer to post as  an anonymous teacher or not, please don’t hesitate. In fact, The Guardian’s “Secret Teacher” blog has inspired me to encourage anonymous blogging. The Guardian promotes critical posts among frustrated teachers who prefer not to reveal their identities. While aimed mainly at school teachers, the idea of that blog could also be relevant to those at the tertiary level with its emphasis on “the trials, tribulations, and frustrations of school life”. Here are some topics tackled by the secret teachers, to give you an idea:
- Disappointment with school focus on structured learning and assessment rather than enjoyment. A believer in play based learning found that approach soul destroying.
- A teacher suffering physical violence at the hands of a school child.
- Dyslexic students not receiving sufficient support on exams.
- Mental health issues amongst pupils under pressure to perform.
- A teacher bullied by her superior.

University students with ideas worth sharing are also welcome. I look forward to hearing from you.

Blogging After a Break

Taking a long break from blogging can seem strange after years of regular postings. You may feel awkward yourself, and your readers may rightly wonder what is wrong or whether you are still around. Still, hopefully you will not lose your audience but rather keep them in suspense! And more importantly,  you will gain rather than lose momentum.

Actually, I look forward to receiving comments from my readers on their thoughts during my absence from the blogosphere. Perhaps some readers needed a break themselves from reading the blog! Perhaps others could have served as guest bloggers here had they been invited. In retrospect that seems to have been possible and preferable to keeping the blog idle for so long; apologies to my faithful readers near and far.

In any case, when you feel uninspired, in need of recharging, or simply too busy with other concerns, by all means take a break from blogging. I am not suggesting you stop altogether. Just press pause.

A teacher with interesting students and exciting work will naturally want to return to blogging when time allows. Don’t force it. Just let it flow. A blog is like a stream, uneven at times but flowing again when the time is right – a quiet stream that fades into the deep blue ocean.

Word of the Year 2018

A look at the past year’s English words of the year sheds light on people’s current interests and concerns globally. Merriam Webster’s words of the year included justice as the most frequently looked up word – and one whose hits rose by 74% over 2017. According to the dictionary’s web site, the popularity of the term reflects U.S. concerns with all kinds of justice – racial, social, criminal and economic. Additionally, the Department of Justice has frequently been in the news, besides the use of justice as a synonym for judge, as in the Supreme Court’s Cavanaugh hearings.

The Oxford Dictionaries’ word of the year was toxic. Not only had it been looked up 45% more than the previous year, it had also developed new meanings, spanning a broad variety of contexts: “The Oxford Word of the Year is a word or expression that is judged to reflect the ethos, mood, or preoccupations of the passing year, and have lasting potential as a term of cultural significance.” Including both literal and metaphorical senses, the term had been applied to the following ten contexts, in order of frequency, based on the Oxford Corpus:

· Chemical

· Masculinity

· Substance

· Gas

· Environment

· Relationship

· Culture

· Waste

· Algae

· Air

The Collins Dictionary chose single-use as word of the year as it had seen a four-fold rise since 2013. The term refers to products, especially plastics, that are used only once rather than recycled, such as straws, bottles and bags. Images of plastic items floating in the oceans became popular on television this past year, with channels such as the BBC raising awareness on the issue. Another term that was high on the list for Collins also reflected environmental concerns: plogging, derived from Swedish, meaning picking up garbage while jogging.

Finally, the Cambridge Dictionary’s word of the year based on a public poll was nomophobia: “fear or worry at the idea of being without your mobile phone or unable to use it.” A runner-up was ecocide, emphasizing people’s environmental concerns. The dictionary editors had chosen the most popular new additions to the dictionary then asked their online readers to vote. The result was therefore referred to as the “People’s Word of 2018."

Are You a Perfectionist?

Having tutored at the AUB Writing Center, I can confirm that tutoring is a different ball game than classroom teaching in many ways. It is more focused and intense, and it can be more enjoyable than lecturing, especially when tutees are perfectionists!

One challenge for writing tutors is that students do not always seek writing help voluntarily. Their teachers often require it; it may even be part of the syllabus for everyone – and therefore a form of drudgery for some. Those who gravitate to the Center voluntarily, though, appear more involved, and they often return. Some even seem to enjoy it: they become animated when telling a story; excited when considering alternatives; and genuinely satisfied with their enhanced products. The best scenarios are where a student seeks advice from the beginning of a project till the end, returning to develop ideas, polish phrasing and finalize everything, including presentation material. The tutees are not rushed in those cases. They are relaxed and confident – and eventually proud of their efforts.

Of course, tutoring has other challenges for tutors: breaking the ice and setting realistic goals for short sessions is not always a piece of cake; handling students with personal problems can be daunting; and tutoring when the writer does not have a draft or a prompt can be stressful and mystifying. With time, tutors learn how to handle these situations, overcoming hurdles more smoothly.

Not all tutees are struggling with their writing, mind you. You get the occasional perfectionist, the quality of whose writing and research is already high. They simply seek perfection and work hard at it. Best wishes to them. They deserve special mention for their drive and perseverance.

Seeking Advice on Your Writing

Last week some university students who had read my recent blog post on ghost writing jokingly commented that they were tempted to try using a ghost writer after reading it since the latter are hard to catch! Clearly my warning had not been strong enough; reader beware: you may still be caught. Besides, what do you learn when others do your writing for you? Almost nothing – right!

An experienced teacher can sense it when a document is not written by you as they will know your level and style from in-class participation and writing, as well as other activities. Do not forget also that your writing should reflect your voice – not someone else’s. In any case, you need to improve your writing skills as that will help you in career-related course work and various contexts other than university. It is well known these days that employers seek and promote skilled communicators, especially skilled writers.

Finally, you are already paying a high price for your tuition in most cases. Why pay extra? If you feel you need extra help with your writing, ask your course instructor. Additionally, a librarian might help with sources and a writing tutor (such as those of the AUB Writing Center) may provide a second opinion, with specific advice on how to improve your writing. Writing centers such as this usually provide free consultations and may allow walk-ins though there is usually an organized appointment schedule. Writing tutors can comment on the clarity and organization of your ideas, or on your style, or both. Additionally, they can show you how to polish up formal citations for academic essays.

What would be shameful is asking others to do your writing for you. Asking for a second opinion on your own writing, however, should not be considered shameful or embarrassing.  Academics and professional writers very often ask others to read through their work before it is published. Another pair of eyes rarely hurts. Failing a course hurts far more!

Ghost Writing: Not Yet Dead and Buried

Reading student essays is usually a pleasure for writing teachers, especially when students research fresh topics, argue effectively, or share original points of view; occasionally, however, it is not so easy. Back in 2013 I blogged twice on ghost writing at universities, having been interviewed about it by a Daily Star reporter then. Now in 2018, despite greater awareness and heightened vigilance by teachers and other stakeholders, the spectre of ghost writing continues to rear its ugly head. The ghost writers have picked up on the fact that many teachers require “process” submissions rather than merely a satisfactory “product”, so they have adapted their work accordingly.

To what extent these unscrupulous individuals (and companies) are now outmanoeuvring experienced writing teachers remains a mystery. It appears that some invisible writers do nothing else for a living, so they do their work very “professionally”, if you will excuse the expression. The Daily Star last year reported again on the issue under the title “The Lucrative Business of Selling Essays”:

The ghost writer was quick to add that the projects would be done in a way that would not raise any questions from professors. “We give you things step by step and we upload [the work] to ‘Turnitin’ [an online tool used by universities and students globally to check for plagiarism]. We’ve been doing this for 10 years, it is guaranteed and confidential.” (reported by Ghinwa Obeid)

Universities such as AUB penalize plagiarized and inauthentic student writing very heavily, with assessments ranging from a zero on the essay to a zero on the course, including the possibility of a dean’s warning, suspension or expulsion. The pressure on students to achieve high grades is high, but the risk is higher. If you are a student under pressure, my advice is to do your own work properly and not take the risk. It isn’t worth it.

And teachers beware: the ghost writers seem to have become slyer than ever! 

The Lebanese Blogosphere

It is good to be blogging about language and teaching. A University of Westminster PhD dissertation by Maha Taki analyzing blogging in Lebanon shows that some Lebanese had started blogging by 2004. However, by 2008 at least, it appears there were no identifiable bloggers focused on either teaching or language ("Bloggers and the Blogosphere in Lebanon & Syria: Meanings and Activities"). Most of the early blogs, Taki reports, were political, triggered by the assassination of our Prime Minister in 2005 and the 2006 summer war in Lebanon. Here are the topics the Lebanese blogged about in 2008, based on Taki’s survey back then, in order of frequency:

• Activities, private thoughts and reflections
• Poetry, literature and art
• Social issues in country of origin
• Political issues in country of origin
• Local current affairs
• Religious and spiritual matters
• Human rights issues or development
• International political issues

Unfortunately, the early blogs, as reported by Taki, reflected the political divisions in the country. Many did not sound neutral. Also, there were more male than female bloggers, and the age distribution was mainly concentrated in the 20s and 30s. The vast majority of bloggers had university degrees, including a high proportion of postgraduate qualifications. Interestingly, nearly half the Lebanon bloggers had had some university education outside Lebanon, and the majority were single.

One hopes that blogs are now more inclusive in terms of who is blogging, what for, and what topics they tackle. Still, the microblogging site Twitter does not provide a topic category for teachers/teaching or education when one first registers one's profile, nor do some blog aggregators like a Lebanese one that currently exists. This would force teachers, initially at least, to identify their blogs under titles such as “lifestyle”, “personal/reflections”, etc., which may not be enough to distinguish the blogs. Tagging and hashtags for teaching etc. can help of course, but the options given upon registration reflect an older mentality where certain categories did not really exist on their own.

Teacher bloggers need to get their voices across as teachers. In any case, it is good to be part of a community of bloggers united by common interests and concerns.

Information Pollution

When the Collins Dictionary announced “Fake News” as Word of the Year 2017, Human Rights Watch rightly expressed concern. Defined as “false, often sensational, information disseminated under the guise of news reporting”, the term has apparently seen a more than three-fold increase in use in one year. Whether as a statement of fact or as an accusation, “fake news” has become ubiquitous. On the other hand, if you report on human rights violations, you do not want your serious news to be confused with fake news! “With each encounter with victims, human rights activists must bring a commitment to meticulous fact-finding, the sifting of evidence, the corroboration of details, and the pursuit of a truth that will ultimately lead to justice,” warns Iaine Levine in “Why ‘Fake News’ as Word of the Year is Bad for Human Rights”.

The Collins Dictionary was not the first in this choice. The Australian Macquarie Dictionary had announced “fake news” as Word of the Year for 2016. The dictionary defined it as “disinformation and hoaxes published on websites for political purposes or to drive web traffic” and “the incorrect information being passed along by social media”.

Facebook is attempting to combat the viral spread of untrue stories in many ways, including alliances with various organizations such as FactCheck.org, yet the challenge is endless with myriads of sites encouraging pranksters and others to create their own genuine looking fake news stories. The list of such sites is long; here are just a few

  https://newspaper.jaguarpaw.co.uk/ (free newspaper generator)

· http://breakyourownnews.com/ (the breaking news generator)

· http://www.classtools.net/breakingnews/

· https://www.fodey.com/generators/newspaper/snippet.asp (the newspaper clipping generator)

The Council of Europe recently published the report Information Disorder :Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making. The report authors, Wardle and Derakhshan analyze the problem of what they refer to as “information pollution”, avoiding the term “fake news” because of the way it has been appropriated by politicians lately. Rather, they emphasize the need to tackle “mis-, dis- and mal-information”. They rightly stress that the solution should involve everyone: technology companies, national governments, media organisations, civil society, education ministries and funding bodies.

 

At AUB, teachers of English work hand in hand with librarians to promote information literacy among students. News literacy and critical thinking are part of this, and they are increasingly relevant to people’s everyday lives – not just their academic work.