What Is Originality? - 27 May 2012

What Is Originality?


Educators like to promote original thought and creative expression, but what exactly is originality? If you go to the plagiarism detection web site, Turnitin, you will see one meaning of an “originality report”: the percentage of matching text. It is easy to infer that the lower the percentage of matching text, the greater the originality of ideas. Stolen ideas that are paraphrased are not easily detectable by such systems. In theory, students can recycle entire “research” papers and submit them to such services, and they can get away with it. Those who are too lazy to paraphrase their stolen ideas are caught more easily!

Few are those who are truly original since writers build on others’ ideas, as do innovators in various fields – scientists and engineers, fashion designers, chefs, etc. On her web site Brainpickings Maria Popova has posted thoughts from Henry Miller that are worth sharing:

And your way, is it really your way?

[…]

What, moreover, can you call your own? The house you live in, the food you swallow, the clothes you wear — you neither built the house nor raised the food nor made the clothes.

[…]

The same goes for your ideas. You moved into them ready-made.

Originality, it seems, is not a matter of black and white. There are different degrees and types of originality. If students are encouraged to take fresh angles on their topics, synthesize ideas in new ways, and express themselves in a creative manner, the chances of their producing “original”writing are raised – all the while of course remembering the need to acknowledge any sources.


Posted by May Mikati on 27 May 2012, 8:19 PM

Banned Words - 24 May 2012

Banned Words


Words can be banned for various reasons. Let’s examine examples from France, the U.K. and the U.S.

Among various efforts to eliminate gender discrimination, the feminists in France managed to ban the word “mademoiselle” from official documentation a few months ago; it has been replaced by a generic “madame”. Last year, France banned the words “Facebook” and “Twitter” from TV and radio, dictating that general terms such as “social networking sites” be used instead as the latter do not advertise for specific companies. Years earlier, the culture ministry in Paris had published a list of 500 English words, such as “email”, “blog”, and “podcast”, recommending that certain French equivalents be used instead. Besides gender equality, national pride is clearly an issue for the French.

In the U.K this month, Scotland Yard banned the terms “whitelist” and “blacklist” in an effort to reduce racism in the police force. Staff have been advised to use the equivalent “green list” and “red list”. Some police officers are not convinced that this will change anything, but following repeated allegations of racism, senior officials at Scotland Yard will go to any length to reduce sensitivities (“Blacklist Is Blacklisted”). Generally, though, the U.K. may be moving in the opposite direction – that of eliminating a 2006 law that bans “insulting” words but does not clearly define them. The BBC recently reported on the opposition to the law in “Law Banning Insulting Words and Behaviour 'Has to End'”.

In educational contexts some expressions may be avoided if considered distracting for students. New York City’s Department of Education recently banned over fifty such items from the city’s standardized tests. Most of the words, such as “Halloween” and “dinosaurs”, appear innocuous on the surface, so no wonder the list has sparked controversy. Valerie Strauss, reporting on the ban for The Washington Post, says, “Why Halloween? Its pagan roots could offend the religious. Dinosaurs? Evokes evolution, which could upset creationists. You get the point” (“50-plus Banned Words on Standardized Tests”).

Watch your words. While some word bans may appear silly, others are clearly justified. It’s good to stay up-to-date on these matters in order to adapt to different contexts, both synchronically and diachronically.


Posted by May Mikati on 24 May 2012, 11:56 PM

How Natural Language Processing is Changing Our World - 19 May 2012

How Natural Language Processing is Changing Our World


From speech recognition to speech synthesis, and from machine translation to data mining, natural language processing is changing our world.

In language-related applications, computers are gaining intelligence at an amazing speed. Some computers can now not only recognize basic spoken words and sentences, they can also resolve lexical and sentence ambiguity based on the context; plus, they can recognize some idioms and metaphors. To top it off, computers are learning to detect emotion and respond appropriately. By extension, automatic translation is advancing daily, which may diminish the need to learn foreign languages for future generations. Speech synthesis has advanced in such a way that systems will soon be able to translate your speech using your own voice. Theoretically speaking, you will be able to hear yourself (or your voice, more correctly) speaking Hindi, Mandarin Chinese or even Mongolian in the not too distant future, without your necessarily having learnt any of those languages. With sufficient samples of your speech, such systems will be capable of putting together new sentences for you, in the new language. The systems just need to know your voice, and they will do the rest of the work.

Of course, automatic translation is a complicated task. Poetic language and uncommon metaphors and puns pose special challenges, as do certain expressions that may be considered “untranslatable”, requiring borrowing from the source language, adaptation, substantial paraphrasing or annotation. Still, as emphasized in tcworld, an international information management magazine, machine translation is becoming inevitable: “Over the next few years, every organization’s content strategy will rely on some type of machine translation” (“As Content Volume Explodes, Machine Translation Becomes Inevitable”).

As for data mining, while we all know how search engines are speeding up our research, more advanced searches can produce even better, more focused results, further eliminating the unwanted, irrelevant types of “hits” one normally obtains with ordinary search engines. Just watch this video to see how future search results can be refined with more intelligent searches: “How Natural Language Processing Is Changing Research”.

In this impressive video, Aditi Muralidaharan, a Berkeley graduate student explains her work on a new system called Word Seer. The system can save reading time for researchers by analysing digitized literary texts quickly, using parsing that targets useful parts of sentences, such as adjectives and verbs. Instead of performing a simple keyword search, the system extracts very specific data. The student gives the example of slave narratives being analysed for their references to God. Rather than simply typing in “God”, one asks specific questions about God: “What did God do?” elicits verbs, such as “gave”, “knew” and “blessed”, while “How is God described?” extracts adjectives, such as “good”, “holy”, “just” and “great”. The conclusion could be that slaves generally had a positive relationship with God despite their misery. For those working on this project, the hope is that researchers in the humanities will be convinced to use the technology based on the efficiency of the results. Rather than having a graduate student read through selected texts (with the word God in them) in five days, one can extract relevant information using the parser in five minutes.

Such advances in natural language processing herald a bright future for the currently not so bright technologies we use.


Posted by May Mikati on 19 May 2012, 9:17 AM

The Origin and Progress of the Academic Spring - 02 May 2012

The Origin and Progress of the Academic Spring


In case you were wondering how this current “Academic Spring” started, well, apparently it was triggered by a posting on a university mathematician’s blog in January 2012. On April 9, The Guardian newspaper published an article on this, entitled “Academic Spring: How an Angry Maths Blog Sparked a Scientific Revolution”. The article identifies Tim Gowers, a distinguished, prize-winning Cambridge mathematician as the initiator of the Elsevier boycott. Gowers received hundreds of comments on his post “Elsevier — My Part in Its Downfall”, and one of his supporters started a site for collecting the names of academic boycotters. Thousands have signed up in just a few months, and incidentally, there are two from Lebanon already, including one from AUB.

A more recent Guardian article, dated May 1, shows British government progress on the issue of facilitating public access to research results: with the help of Jimmy Wales, all “taxpayer-funded research [will be] available for free online” (“Wikipedia Founder to Help in Government's Research Scheme”). The same article reports that Harvard University, angry at the high cost of journal subscriptions has followed suit: it has encouraged its faculty members to publish openly and “resign from publications that keep articles behind paywalls”. The article cites David Prosser, executive director of Research Libraries UK (RLUK): "Harvard has one of the richest libraries in the world. If Harvard can't afford to purchase all the journals their researchers need, what hope do the rest of us have?...There's always been a problem with this being seen as a library budget issue. The memo from Harvard makes clear that it's bigger than that. It's at the heart of education and research. If you can't get access to the literature, it hurts research."

Having attended, in 2009 and 2011, international conferences on distance, open, and e-learning, and having witnessed the enthusiasm of participants, including that of UNESCO representatives, for open access to information, I am not really surprised by the momentum building up behind the Open Access movement; the Wellcome Trust and the World Bank are now also on board.

With one eye on the Arab Spring and another on the Academic Spring, one can easily lose sight of other important issues, however. One’s inner eye must always be on the lookout for less obvious but equally worthy causes.


Posted by May Mikati on 02 May 2012, 5:44 PM